Endometriosis is a painful medical condition that affects many women. It occurs when the endometrium (the tissue that normally lines the uterus) grows outside the uterus and into other parts of the pelvic area. Endometriosis most commonly affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes, bowels, and the pelvic region behind the uterus. In rare cases, endometrial tissue can spread beyond the pelvis to other parts of the body.

Although not usually life-threatening, endometriosis can cause chronic pain and significantly interfere with daily life. During menstruation, endometrial tissue swells, bleeds, and is shed from the uterine lining. However, when this tissue grows outside the uterus, it can swell and form scar tissue, leading to pain and discomfort. Endometriosis can develop at any time after menstruation begins, but it is most commonly seen in women in their 30s and 40s. While some women experience little or no discomfort, others suffer from severe pain and, in some cases, may face fertility challenges.

Causes of Endometriosis

While the exact cause of endometriosis is unknown, some research indicates that it may be hereditary. Women who have never had children or who experience longer than normal menstrual cycles may also be more likely to develop endometriosis. Additional causes may include the following:

• Retrograde menstruation (menstrual blood flows backward into the fallopian tubes and pelvic cavity instead of leaving the body)
• Excessive growth of embryonic cells
• Attachment of endometrial cells to surgical scars

Endometriosis may also result from an immune-system disorder that prevents the body from detecting or destroying endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus.

Symptoms of Endometriosis

In most cases, endometriosis is characterized by severe pelvic or lower-back pain, usually occurring during menstruation. Other common symptoms of endometriosis may include:

• Excessive menstrual bleeding
• Pain during or after sexual intercourse
• Painful urination or increased frequency
• Infertility
• Pelvic cramping or worsening pain
• Vomiting or nausea
• Exhaustion

Endometriosis can also affect bowel movements, causing constipation, diarrhea, or both in many women.

Diagnosis of Endometriosis

Doctors often suspect endometriosis based on a patient’s symptoms. After taking a detailed medical history, a pelvic examination is usually performed. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through imaging tests such as an ultrasound or MRI scan, or through a diagnostic laparoscopy, which allows for internal views of the abdominal area.

Treatment for Endometriosis

Treatment for endometriosis varies depending on a patient’s symptoms. In milder cases, conservative methods are often effective in alleviating symptoms. These may include over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers, as well as birth control pills to help regulate hormones. If the condition does not respond to medication, surgery may be necessary to remove excess endometrial tissue.

Surgery for endometriosis is typically performed using minimally invasive laparoscopy, which allows for thorough removal of the endometrial tissue. In severe cases, a hysterectomy—removal of the uterus and cervix—may be required to alleviate severe pain. However, hysterectomy is usually considered a last-resort treatment, especially for women of childbearing age, as it results in the inability to have children.

Currently, there is no cure for endometriosis and no certain method of prevention. Many women find support groups helpful in connecting with others who share their experiences. With proper treatment and medical care, endometriosis can be effectively managed.