Ovarian cancer occurs when normal cells in an ovary change and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. Tumors can be either noncancerous or cancerous. Ovarian cancer is relatively rare and is often not detected until it has spread to other areas of the body. When caught early, ovarian cancer can usually be treated effectively with no major complications.
Types of Ovarian Cancer Tumors
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Epithelial Carcinoma
Epithelial carcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer, occurring when cancer cells develop in the tissue that covers the ovaries. This type accounts for 85% to 90% of reported ovarian cancers.
Germ Cell Carcinoma
Germ cell carcinoma is a rare type of ovarian cancer that develops in the egg-producing cells of the ovaries.
Stromal Cell Carcinoma
Stromal cell carcinoma is a rare form of ovarian cancer that develops in the connective tissue cells that support the ovaries. These cells are responsible for producing the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Most tumors that grow in the ovaries are benign and can be successfully treated, but some may be malignant and can spread to other parts of the body, requiring more complicated treatment.
Causes of Ovarian Cancer
While the exact cause of ovarian cancer is not known, certain factors can increase the risk of developing the disease. Risk factors for ovarian cancer may include:
• A personal or family history of cancer
• People age 55 and older
• Never been pregnant
• Taking menopausal hormone therapy
Women who think they may be at risk for ovarian cancer should speak to their doctor.
Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed during a routine pelvic exam, after a lump appears on an ultrasound image. If a lump is detected, your doctor will biopsy the lump to determine whether or not it is cancerous.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Patients with ovarian cancer usually do not experience any symptoms from the disease, especially in the early stages. As the cancer grows, symptoms may include:
• Pain or pressure in the abdomen or pelvis
• Bloating
• Nausea
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Frequent urination
Treatment of Ovarian Cancer
Treatment for ovarian cancer typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, often including the entire ovary. This procedure is known as an oophorectomy and may be combined with additional procedures to remove the uterus and fallopian tubes. Other treatment options for ovarian cancer may include chemotherapy or radiation therapy to target and destroy any remaining cancer cells, ensuring that the disease is fully addressed.
