A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is an infection that is spread from one person to another through sexual contact. Most STDs are caused by bacteria, parasites, or viruses and are transmitted through contact with the genitals, skin, mouth, rectum, or bodily fluids. Various viruses are categorized as STDs, including:
• Genital Herpes
• Gonorrhea
• Chlamydia
• HIV
• HPV
• Condyloma
• Syphilis
• Hepatitis
STDs can cause issues ranging from mild irritation to severe pain. If left untreated, some STDs can lead to serious health problems, including illness, cancer, infertility, or harm to a fetus during pregnancy.
Causes of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STDs are caused by bacterial or viral infections that spread through sexual contact. People at higher risk of contracting an STD include those who:
• Engage in unprotected sex
• Have multiple sexual partners
• Are already infected with an STD
• Abuse drugs or alcohol
• Share needles for drug use or tattoos
Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Most STDs often have no symptoms, particularly in women, so some individuals may not be aware they are infected. When symptoms do occur, they can vary depending on the specific type of STD and may include:
• Vaginal or penile discharge
• Pain during intercourse
• Painful urination
• Sores or blisters on the genitals
• Warts or growths on the genitals
• Abdominal pain
Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STDs can be diagnosed by a doctor following a physical examination and review of symptoms. Additional tests may involve taking samples of genital fluids or cultures from swabbed specimens to detect the presence of an STD. These tests may include:
• Urinalysis
• Blood tests
Periodic STD testing is recommended for anyone with multiple sexual partners, even if they are having protected sex.
Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Treatment for STDs varies depending on the specific diagnosis. While many STDs cannot be cured, medications are available to manage and alleviate symptoms. Some STDs can be treated with antibiotics to clear the infection or with medications to prevent symptom flare-ups. The HIV virus is commonly managed with a combination of antiretroviral drugs. In certain cases, such as with condyloma (genital warts), surgical methods may be used to remove the warts.
Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be prevented by avoiding risky sexual behavior. STDs can be avoided by:
• Abstaining from sexual activity
• Using condoms for all sexual activity
• Remaining in a monogamous relationship
• Not sharing needles
Currently, there are vaccines available for certain strains of the HPV virus. Two HPV vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, are approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Both vaccines are highly effective in preventing persistent infection with HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most cases of genital warts (condyloma). They are effective for females between the ages of 9 and 26, and Gardasil is also effective for males within the same age range. These vaccines are administered as three separate injections over the course of six months.
STDs are serious infections that can cause lifelong or recurring symptoms and side effects. It is important for all patients to practice safe sex and get tested often.
